김은아 Eun Ah Kim , 김연숙 Yeon Suk Kim , 김용석 Yong Seok Kim , 류덕희 Doug Hee Rhew , 정제호 Je Ho Jung

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.585 Vol.30(No.6) 585-595, 2014

The temporal trends of the prioritized toxic water pollutants generated and discharged from the industrial facilities in the Geum-River basin, Korea were analyzed with the results of the nationwide Water Pollution Source Survey conducted in 2001 ? 2012. The statistical results indicated rapid increase in the volume of raw toxic wastewaters whereas the amount of each toxic pollutant kept fluctuating for 12 years. Serious discrepancies in the survey data of the same type of industries demonstrated a low reliability of the survey result, which stemmed from several error factors. A unit-load for each type of industrial facility was devised to estimate the amount of prioritized toxic water pollutant based on the total volume of industrial wastewater generated from the same type of industrial facilities. The supplementary measures with an effective permit issuance policy and adding survey parameters of terminal wastewater treatment plants to use them as references to the Water Pollution Source Survey were suggested as means to minimize the errors associated with the false reports from the industries.

GIS, industrial wastewater, pollutant unit-load, prioritized toxic water pollutant, water pollution source survey

백준수 Jun Soo Baek , 김헌년 Hun Nyun Kim , 이옥민 Ok Min Lee

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.596 Vol.30(No.6) 596-604, 2014

This research has studied the physicochemical environmental factors and communities of epilithic diatom and phytoplanktons at Hongcheon river from December 2011 to September 2012. In case of TN, the result was hypertrophic, and for TP, it ranged from mesotrophic to eutrophic. As for BOD, Hongcheon river was rated level II or better, according to the water quality level; values were found to be below 3mg/L at most sites. Total of 83 and 114 taxa of epilithic diatom and phytoplanktons respectively, were found during the research. When assessed using the TSI, it ranged from oligomesotrophic to eutrophic. In case of DAIpo, it ranged from 64.1 to 99.5, and TDI ranged from 51.5 to74.0. These results signify good water quality, level B or better, for Hongcheon river. P-IBI was rated moderate to low, which showed higher pollution than other indices. Among the biological water quality measures analyzed in the Hongcheon river study, DAIpo best matches TDI and BOD, while TDI showed greater pollution. Therefore, P-IBI appears to be inappropriate when assessing the domestic small rivers and lakes.

DAIpo, epilithic diatom, Phytoplankton, P-IBI, TDI, TSI

김정선 Jung Sun Kim , 강임석 Lim Seok Kang

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.605 Vol.30(No.6) 605-611, 2014

This research was carried out to examine the concentration and fate of dissolved organic matter due to the increased detention time in middle and down stream of the Nakdong River. Aldo the characteristics of biodegradation of DOM were investigated according to the various water sources. The approaches used to characterize DOM biodegradability include the changes in DOC concentration and DOM fraction. Long-term biodegradation test for each organic source was also conducted. As the result, maximum 50% of DOC was reduced during the first 30 days of biodegradation tests. After 30 days, biodegradation of organic matter was continuously progressed, as showing continuous reduction of DOC. While DOC concentration was reduced, SUVA values for the organic matters were increased. Properties of dissolved organic matter by water sources also showed decreasing hydrophilic components while showing increased hydrophobic components. The more rapid reduction of the hydrophilic components than hydrophobic components might be due to the preferential degradation of the hydrophilic components by microorganisms during biodegradation process.

Biodegradation, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic, Organic matters, SUVA

신현주 Hyun Joo Shin , 이옥민 Ok Min Lee

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.612 Vol.30(No.6) 612-621, 2014

Physicochemical factors and the phytoplankton communities in the downstream area of Namhan-River were investigated from June 2012 to November 2013. We also assessed water quality using biological water quality indices. Total nitrogen was 2.4 mg/L, total phosphorus was 0.04 mg/L, and biological oxygen demand was 1.1 mg/L. This resulted in a level 2 (Ib, good) water quality rating. A total of 259 phytoplankton taxa were classified, consisting of 26 families, two subfamilies, 64 genera, 222 species, 32 varieties, and five formas. Bacillariophyceae dominated during a1l seasons and at all sites. The dominant species were Aulacoseira granulata, Cyclotella meneghiniana, C. stelligera, Melosira varians, Cocconeis placentula var. lineata, Nitzschia palea, N. amphibia, Cymbella minuta, and Achnanthes convergens. The diatom assemblage index for organic pollution values was level A?D, and TDI was level B?D. P-IBI at most sites was at the M (moderate) level, but TSI was at the E (eutrophic) level. Most indices dropped from upstream to downstream.

Biological assessment, Namhan-river, Phytoplankton community, Water quality, Weirs

김홍태 Hong Tae Kim , 신동석 Song Seok Shin , 김용석 Yong Seok Kim

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.622 Vol.30(No.6) 622-631, 2014

The purpose of this research was to find a proper disposal rainfall extent to improve water quality. SWMM was applied to select catchment area and tested first flush load and rainfall extent. BOD 40mg/L was selected to dispose the first flush and sewer overflow with the same as the criteria of Sewerage Act. Design rainfall, BOD load ratio of first flush sewer overflow, and the ratio of disposal flow were analyzed under various rainfall distribution.

first flush, sewer overflow, SWMM, water quality

김종민 Jong Min Kim , 신기식 Ki Sik Shin , 유순주 Soon Ju Yu , 김명옥 Myeong Ock Kim , 최성헌 Sung Hun Choe

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.632 Vol.30(No.6) 632-637, 2014

Proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparisons is used to determine the performance of individual laboratories. In order to verify the quality of acute toxicity testing with Daphnia magna, National Institute of Environmental Research in South Korea is regularly organizing interlaboratory comparisons to estimate the analytical accuracy of different laboratories . Total 58 laboratories located in South Korea took part in interlaboratory proficiency testing scheme with three proficiency testing samples. TU(Toxic Unit) values of each laboratory were determined and robust z-score was calculated in order to evaluate the proficiency levels. Based on the robust z-score classification, 74 % of the participant laboratories showed a satisfactory performance(43 laboratories). The main reason of ‘unsatisfactory’ performance seemed to be considered that the unsuitable management of test organism incubation system and the lack of experience on the identification of the test organism condition by effect of toxicity.

Acute toxicity test, Daphnia magna, Interlaboratory comparison, proficiency testing, TU

이동준 Dong Jun Lee , 이지민 Ji Min Lee , 금동혁 Dong Hyuk Kum , 박윤식 Youn Shik Park , 정영훈 Young Hun Jung , 신용철 Young Chul Shin , 정교철 Gyo Cheol Jeong , 이병철 Byeong Cheol Lee , 임경재 Kyoung Jae Lim

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.638 Vol.30(No.6) 638-646, 2014

Soil erosion from agricultural fields leads to various environmental problems weakening the capabilities of flood control and ecosystem in water bodies. Regarding these problems, Ministry of Environment of South-Korea prepared various structural and non-structural best management practices (BMPs) to control soil erosion. However, a lot of efforts are required to monitor and develop BMPs. Thus, modeling techniques have been developed and utilized for these issues. This study estimated the effectiveness of BMPs which are a vegetation mat with infiltration roll and Roll type vegetation channel using Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model through the adjustment of the conservation practice factors, P factors, for Universal Soil Loss Equation which were calculated by monitoring data collected at the segment plots. Each BMP was applied to the areas with slopes ranged from 7% to 13% in the Haeanmyeon watershed. As a result of simulation, the vegetation mat with infiltration roll and Roll type vegetation channel showed 55% and 59% efficiency of soil erosion reduction, respectively. Also, Vegetation mat with infiltration roll and Roll type vegetation channel showed each 11.2% and 11.8% efficiency in reduction of sediment discharge. These roll type vegetation channel showed greater efficiency of soil erosion reduction and sediment discharge. Based on these results, if roll type vegetation channel is widely used in agricultural fields, reduction of soil erosion and sediment discharge of greater efficiency would be expected.

BMPs, Roll type vegetation channel, Soil erosion, SWAT, USLE P, Vegetation mat with infiltration roll

최희정 Hee Jeong Choi

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.647 Vol.30(No.6) 647-652, 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the heavy metal removal and biomass productivity in the Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) using eggshell and microalgae. The experiment was operated 6 days in the eggshell and microalgae hybrid system, and using eggshell powder and microalgae as Chlorella vulgaris. The obtained result indicated that the biomass productivity of 2.82 g/L/d from 1.12 g/L initial concentration in 6 days was reached with light transmittance of 97% at a 305 mm depth in the optical panel photobioreactor (OPPBR). The total removal efficiency of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Cd was found to be 98.92%, 99.91%, 98.78%, 88.99% and 98.00% in the AMD using eggshell and Chlorella vulgaris hybrid system, respectively. Additionally, there were significant relationships between biomass and concentration of each heavy metal (R2 = 0.8771, 0.8643, 0.8669, 0.9134 and 0.6277 for Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Cd). These results indicated that the eggshell and microalgae hybrid system was highly effective for heavy metal removal when compared to the conventional biological process in the AMD. Therefore, the eggshell and microalgae hybrid system was effective for heavy metal removal and biomass productivity and can be applied to treat AMD in treatment plant.

Acid Mine Drainage, Biomass, Eggshells, Heavy metal removal, Microalgae

박성환 Sung Hwan Park , 문병현 Byung Hyun Moon

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.653 Vol.30(No.6) 653-657, 2014

Effects of H2O2 addition for fenton oxidation on iron coagulation for treatment of phosphorus species, such as orthophosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, organic phosphate, were investigated. The effects of coagulant dosage, hydrogen peroxide dosage and the combined sequence ferric coagulation and H2O2 addition for fenton oxidation and coagulation were studied. The characteristics of floc growth rate were monitored using the PDA. The removal efficiencies of phosphorus species by iron coagulation were increased as Fe/P molar ratio increased. However, the removal efficiencies of metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, organic phosphate by a ferric coagulation were not increased as Fe/P molar ratio increased. The removal efficiency of metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, organic phosphate was increased by using iron coagulation and H2O2 addition for fenton oxidation. The result indicated that non-reactive phosphorus after iron coagulation was changed to reactive phosphorus by H2O2 addition for fenton oxidation and the oxidized iron enhanced the coagulation efficiencies.

Iron coagulation, Fenton oxidation, Floc size, Phosphorus removal, Phosphorus species

김용진 Yong Jin Kim , 윤석제 Seok Jea Youn , 김헌년 Hun Nyun Kim , 박응로 Eung Roh P가 , 황문영 Moon Young Hwang , 박진락 Jin Rak Park , 이병천 Byoung Cheun Lee , 이재관 Jae Kwan Lee

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.658 Vol.30(No.6) 658-664, 2014

In this study, Uiam-sediment(US) and Gongji-sediment(GS) were incubated to analyze the formation of phytoplankton community and occurrences of odorous compounds from benthic cyanobacteria. For the phytoplankton, 45 and 40 taxa were found in GS and US, respectively. The phytoplankton species detected in the harmful algae included Microcystis, Anabaena and Oscillatoria. As a result, a standing crop of phytoplankton appeared to be in the range of 0.9∼71.8×103 cells/mL in GS, 0.8∼51.2×103 cells/mL in US, and as the incubation progressed, benthic cyanobacteria was increased. The highest number of akinetes was shown in the initial incubation, and akinetes was reduced by 10% on day 4 of incubation start. After reduction of akinetes incubated for 4 days in US and 15 days in GS, Anabaena appeared from the surface water. Benthic cyanobacteria such as Oscillatoria tenuis, O. limosa and Lyngbya hieronymusii was dominant in GS(max. 3.96×106 cells/cm2) and US(max. 5.77×106 cells/cm2), forming cyanobacterial mats in sediment surface. Cyanobacterial mats were suspended after 10∼12 days incubation in GS and US. Before and after the suspension of cyanobacterial mats, the concentration of geosmin was the highest in GS(115 ng/L) and US(175 ng/L). In the second suspension of cyanobacterial mats in GS, the concentration of 2-MIB was increased to the range of 22～92 ng/L.

2-MIB, Benthic cyanobacteria, Geosmin, Phytoplankton, Sediment

박혜경 Hae Kyung Park

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.665 Vol.30(No.6) 665-672, 2014

Elemental cellular stoichiometry of natural phytoplankton communities was examined in six large dam reservoirs in the Han River system. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents of the phytoplankton-dominated seston from Lake Soyang was higher than that from other lakes. Phosphorus (P) content showed slight variations among six lakes in the range of 0.04～0.18 μmol P mg DW-1. The phosphorus concentrations of lake water showed obvious positive relationship with P and C contents of the phytoplankton-dominated seston. In all six lakes, N:P ratios and C:P ratios in the phytoplankton-dominated seston were more than 23 and 133 respectively, indicating the phytoplankton communities in six lakes have been exposed in phosphorus limited condition. The relative abundance of diatoms showed significant negative correlation with C, N, P contents of the phytoplankton-dominated seston and that of cyanobacteria showed significant positive correlation. Elemental stoichiometry of diatoms-dominated seston showed distinctive less content than that of cyanobacteria-dominated seston. The cellular N:P ratios of diatoms- and cyanobacteria-dominated seston indicated that both main classes of phytoplankton in six lakes are in phosphorus deficiency. Elemental stoichiometry of the phytoplankton-dominated seston in this study could be used for the further ecological stoichiometric studies in six lakes.

cyanobacteria, diatoms, elemental stoichiometry, Lake Paldang, Lake Soyang, phytoplankton community

신창민 Chang Min Shin , 나은혜 Eun Hye Na , 김덕길 Duck Gil Kim , 김경현 Kyung Hyun Kim

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.673 Vol.30(No.6) 673-682, 2014

A watershed model was constructed using Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran to predict the water temperature at major tributaries of Nakdong River basin, Korea. Water temperature is one of the most fundamental indices used to determine the nature of an aquatic environment. Most processes of an aquatic environment such as saturation level of dissolved oxygen, the decay rate of organic matter, the growth rate of phytoplankton and zooplankton are affected by temperature. The heat flux to major reservoirs and tributaries was analyzed to simulate water temperature accurately using HSPF model. The annual mean heat flux of solar radiation was estimated to 150∼165 W/㎡, longwave radiation to ?48∼-113 W/㎡, evaporative heat loss to ?39∼-115 W/㎡, sensible heat flux to ?13∼-22 W/㎡, precipitation heat flux to 2∼4 W/㎡, bed heat flux to ?24∼22 W/㎡ respectively. The model was calibrated at major reservoir and tributaries for a three-year period (2008 to 2010). The deviation values (Dv) of water temperature ranged from ?6.0 to 3.7%, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) of 0.88 to 0.95, root mean square error(RMSE) of 1.7∼2.8℃. The operational water temperature forecasting results presented in this study were in good agreement with measured data and had a similar accuracy with model calibration results.

Forecast, Heat flux, HSPF, Nakdong River, Water temperature

채유은 Yoo Eun Chae , 안윤주 Youn Joo An

DOI:10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.6.683 Vol.30(No.6) 683-690, 2014

Nanomaterials are used in a range of fields, including industry, medicine, aerospace, and manufacturing, due to their unique and useful properties. In recent years, nanotechnology has developed rapidly, and the amount of nanomaterials used in various fields has increased consistently. As a result, nanomaterials are released into the aquatic and soil ecosystem, posing potential risks to organisms and environment. These materials can enter the cells and may cause serious damage to organisms. Furthermore, they can be transferred through trophic levels and food web, thereby leading to bioconcentration and biomagnification. In this study, we analyzed the trends in research on food chain transfer of nanomaterials and investigated the techniques used in the research. Although many studies have been underway, there is a need for further advanced studies on higher trophic levels and complex microcosm and mesocosm. Furthermore, study topics should be expanded to include various types of nanomaterials and varied species and trophic levels

Aquatic ecosystem, Food chain transfer, Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, Trophic transfer